Floss‑based vaccination study, published on July 22, 2025 in Nature Biomedical Engineering : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393913883_Floss-based_vaccination_targets_the_gingival_sulcus_for_mucosal_and_systemic_immunization --- What is floss‑based vaccination? Researchers coated flat‑tape dental floss with vaccine components—these included proteins, inactivated viruses, peptide‑nanoparticles, and even mRNA. The floss was gently used between the gum line and teeth, targeting the gingiva

Detailed in a study published in Nature Biomedical Engineering on July 22, 2025, “needle-free innovation”involves coating dental floss with vaccine components—such as proteins, inactivated viruses, peptides, and mRNA.