Colonic feces were collected from mice after euthanasia and were lysed using bead beating with the QIAGEN TissueLyser II. Genomic DNA was extracted using the QIAGEN Powersoil kit.

In brief, the tissue was immersed in buffer RLT and disrupted by bead in the QIAGEN TissueLyser II, (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD) before being transferred to the Qiacube for RNA extraction. Samples were ...