Preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been developed using intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used as a bleach, disinfectant, and oxidizing agent, among other things. However, ...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a naturally occurring enzyme that plays a crucial role in dismantling superoxide radicals. These radicals are extraordinarily responsive entities with the potential ...

Enzymatic antioxidants-including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd), and thioredoxin reductase-play crucial roles in neutralizing ...

NADPH oxidase reduces molecular oxygen to form superoxide anion in a two-step process. Electrons are initially transferred from NADPH to cytochrome b–associated FAD, then to cytochrome b heme ...