The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan. As the ...

Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell of an atom, play an important role in driving chemical reactions and forming bonds with other atoms. Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest ...

Atoms are the fundamental components of matter, made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The structure of atoms determines the properties and behavior of different ...

Quantum materials, defined by their photon-like electrons, are opening new frontiers in material science. Researchers have ...