Beta is the 2nd letter in the Greek alphabet, and the financial world uses it to refer to the sensitivity of an asset’s price compared to a specific index or benchmark. Beta is also used as a measure ...

Steven Nickolas is a writer and has 10+ years of experience working as a consultant to retail and institutional investors. Portfolio variance is a measure of the dispersion of returns of a portfolio.

The COV= option must be specified to compute an approximate covariance matrix for the parameter estimates under asymptotic theory for least-squares, maximum-likelihood, or Bayesian estimation, with or ...

Procedures for calculating the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix and its inverse are adapted to accommodate the occurrence of mutations in the genome. The inverse matrix can be used in mixed ...

Download PDF More Formats on IMF eLibrary Order a Print Copy Create Citation This paper proposes a novel shrinkage estimator for high-dimensional covariance matrices by extending the Oracle ...