The word 'probability' in ordinary language has two different senses, here called "inductive" and "physical" probability. This paper examines the concept of inductive probability. Attempts to express ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

Probability in relation to some theories - for example quantum mechanics -- need not satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms. To illustrate how two theories about the same system can generate quite different ...